Lactation length is different in individual cows, which is generally converted to a 305-day stANDard using curve fitting models for genetic AND management practices. Individual curves do not have a stANDard shape in all cases, AND can deviate from the stANDard pattern according to factors such as individual differences, AND type of fitted models. These non-stANDard curves, called atypical, resulted from incorrect estimated parameters of the curves; which consist of: continuously increasing or decreasing AND reversed stANDards. This study was conducted to investigate the importance of atypical curves in estimation of 305-day milk production, by fitting two nonlinear models? Wood (empirical) AND Pollott (biological), on 7659 AND 6692 test-day milk yield of 977 AND 776 first calving IRANian Simmental AND Jersey cows, during 2007-2020, using R software. Different patterns obtained based on the combination of increasing (b) AND decreasing (c) phase parameters of curves. The number of stANDard curves from the Pollott AND Wood models were 85.5% AND 62.2% for Simmental, AND 83.1% AND 70.6% for Jersey cows, respectively. Only continuously increasing curves were observed in both breeds in Pollott model (14.8% AND 16.9%, Simmental AND Jersey cows, respectively); Whereas in Wood model, all 3 groups of atypical curves were observed, which the reversed stANDard was the most (22.3% AND 16.5%, Simmental AND Jersey cows, respectively). Based on the findings, at the time of stANDardizing the production of dairy cows (national evaluations), not only differences between breeds, but also special attention to the production of atypical curves, should be paid (to correct or discard them).

This research article examines legal discrimination against children born out of wedlock in IRAN. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks AND the changes made to the IRANian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of IRANian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources AND descriptive AND historical research methods to examine the legal status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally AND internationally, AND the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the IRANian legal system, an assessment of IRAN's compliance with international conventions, AND a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness AND the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in IRAN, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understANDing of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental AND normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision AND regulation determines how the market functions AND in order to understAND this difference one must understAND competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production AND industry or on a non-interventional AND regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements AND imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity AND clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in IRAN AND the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

The importance of female heads of households in providing the basic needs of household members on the one hAND AND the limitations they face in most socio-economic fields have made it necessary to pay attention to the issues of female heads of households in most societies including our country. The purpose of this study is to use the systematic review method to review AND evaluate the policy proposals that have been proposed in IRAN for women heads of households. A total of 296 articles AND 5 reports were identified. In the review AND eligibility phase, the total number of selected texts was considered to be 79 texts, of which 62 studies used the quantitative method AND 17 studies used the qualitative method. Based on the studies that proposed policy proposals, the characteristics of female heads of the household, the axes of vulnerability, the evaluation of policies AND proposals were determined. The findings showed that more policy proposals were made based on the characteristics of low literacy, being unemployed, AND being middle-aged. Based on the axes of vulnerability, women heads of households are more vulnerable psychologically AND socially than they are materially vulnerable in many cases. The evaluation of policies for women heads of households showed that the most interventions for the empowerment of women heads of households were focused on the economic field AND were mainly pursued in the form of financial payments AND did not pay enough attention to other aspects of women's empowerment, while the empowerment of women heads of households was successful when It is expected to simultaneously pay attention to their mental health AND improve their social AND economic status.

The communities of the Kura- Araxes cultural complex with their highly distinctive cultural AND economic features represent the occupation of some parts of the Near East AND Caucasia during the Bronze Age.  Generally, the origin of this culture is sought in the Southern Caucasus. In IRAN, the spread of this cultural tradition represents not only a rupture in the cultural development of the Mesopotamian traditions. Environmental changes linked to Rapid Climate Change (RCC) also forced the population to develop new economic strategies. Until about two decades ago, knowledge of the flourishing Kura Araxes occupation was limited to the north-west of the country AND to some parts of the Central Zagros, but recent research in the zones south AND north of the Alborz Mountain Range, on the northern edge of the Central Plateau allows by now to present a more detailed picture of the Kura Araxes occupation in both diachronic AND synchronic perspective. Recent archaeological excavations in the two sites of Qaleh Tepe AND Ali Yourd Tepe revealed some important new data from Kura-Araxes settlements in the corridor of the north Central Plateau AND northwestern IRAN. The two sites are located in the eastern Zanjan Province in the Abhar Rood Basin. This paper aims to update the chronology of the Kura-Araxes culture based on the radiocarbon dates from the two sites of Qaleh Tepe AND Ali Yourd Tepe. The stratigraphy AND radiocarbon dates of the two sites reveal the beginning of the Kura-Araxes culture in the region from c. 2900 BCE, followed by a quick extension into the northern Central Plateau, where it is represented by sites such as Shizar, Doranabad, Ostur, AND Barlekin. Similarity AND diversity characterize the Kura-Araxes cultural complex.  However, based on the current data, the ceramic style represents a common feature, but also the architectural remains indicate a common cultural tradition during the first quarter of the third millennium BCE in the Central Zagros, northwestern IRAN, AND on the Central Plateau

A B S T R A C T Temperature is one of the climate elements that has fluctuated a lot over time. When these fluctuations increase AND decrease more than normal AND are placed in the upper AND lower regions of the statistical distribution, if continued, it can lead to the creation of heating AND cooling waves. The purpose of this study is to analyze the temporal AND spatial changes in heating AND cooling waves in IRAN during a period of 50 years. For this purpose, the temperature of 663 synoptic stations from 1962 to 2004 was obtained from the Esfazari database. Then, in order to complete this database, the daily temperature from 2004 to 2011 was obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the country AND added to the aforementioned database. In order to perform calculations AND draw maps, Matlab, grads AND Surfer software have been used. The results of this study showed that the index of cooling waves AND heating waves, while having a direct effect on each other, had an increasing trend in most of the area of IRAN. The statistical distribution of the index of cooling waves is more heterogeneous than that of the index of heating waves. So that the spatial variation coefficient for cold waves is 84.22%. Also, the index of cooling waves has more spatial variability. The highest common diffraction of the index of heating AND cooling waves has been seen in the northwest, east AND along the Zagros mountains. Analysis of the indexes trends show that heat waves have intensified in 65.8% of IRAN AND the intensity of cold waves has decreased in 48.5% of IRAN Extended Abstract Introduction Temperature is one of the major climatic variables, which it has a direct impact on different aspects of human life. It plays an essential role in the growth of crops AND is considered a key driver of the biological system(Reicosky et al, 1988). It is associated with several types of extremes, for example, heat AND cold waves which caused human societies maximum damage. Past occurrences of heat waves hitherto had significant impacts on several aspects of society. Have increased Mortality AND morbidity. Ecosystems can be affected, as well as increased pressure on infrastructures that support society, such as water, transportation, AND energy(Dewce, 2016). The long-term change of extreme temperatures has a key role in climatic change. The form of statistical distribution AND the variability of mean values AND also extreme event indicate a change in the region. It can be a small relative change in the mean as a result of a large change in the probability of extreme occurrence. Also, the variation in temperature data variance is significantly more important than the mean, for assessing the extreme occurrence of climate(Toreti AND Desiato, 2008). The average surface temperature has increased the world between 0.56 AND 0.92 ° C over the past 100 years(IPCC, 2007). Meanwhile, it was in the Middle East, the average daily temperature increased by 0.4-0.5 ° C in decades(Kostopoulou et al, 2014; Tanarhte et al, 2012). Considering that not many studies have been done in the field of spatio-temporal Variations of the heating AND cooling waves thresholds in IRAN, in this study, the spatio-temporal Variations of the heating AND cooling waves thresholds in IRAN during 50 years were examined AND analyzed.   Methodology The daily temperature from the beginning of the year 21/03/1967 to 19/05/2005 was obtained from the Esfazari database prepared by Dr. Masoudian at the UNIVERSITY of Isfahan. In order to increase the time resolution of the mentioned database, the daily temperature of observations from 05/21/2005 to 05/12/2012 has been added to the mentioned database using the same method, AND the exact spatial resolution (15 x 15 km) is used as a database. Threshold indices of heating waves are the average numbers between the 95th AND 99th percentiles, that is, the extreme hot threshold to the limit of excessively extreme hot. For extreme cool, from the 5th percentile down to zero is used. Of course, a condition was added to these thresholds, which is that these thresholds must be repeated two days in a row. These thresholds were extracted for each day in the 50 years of the study period AND used as the original database. In order to analyze the relationship between cooling AND heating waves, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used AND regression was used to analyze the trend.   Results AND discussion The average of cold waves was 5.26 ° C AND for the heat waves is 30.20° C. Generally, if the temperature is upper or lower than this threshold, it is considered as hot or cold temperatures. A comparison of the median, mode, AND average of cold waves with heat waves shows that the distribution is more heterogeneous for cold waves AND its CV is 84.22%. In southern IRAN, the average threshold heat waves are higher. This situation can be caused by the effects of subtropical high-pressure radiation, low latitude, AND proximity to the sea. Though the threshold is higher in these areas, fewer fluctuations AND changes are seen in the area. Heights moderate the temperature so they pose a minimum threshold for heat waves i.e. an iso-threshold of 25 ° C is consistent along the Zagros mountain chains, but in the west AND east of Zagros Mountains, the threshold of heat waves is increased. Heat waves have increased in most areas of the country. So nearly 85 percent of the IRAN has been an increasing trend, of which 65.8 percent is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Still, more areas of the country (60 percent) have a trend between 0.00828 AND 0.00161. As can be seen, only 15% of the lAND area (including the southwest AND northwest of the Country) had decreased heat waves. Cold waves, in most parts of the country, have a Positive Trend. However, about 25 percent of the study area's cold waves have a negative trend. they are located in areas higher than Latitude 30°. The largest decline of the wave's trend along the country is highlANDs. Nowadays, most of the country, has a trend between 0.01494 AND 0.00828 ° C, respectively. Conclusion Common changes AND effects of heat AND cold waves had a direct relationship in many parts of the country. It is remarkable common variance in the East reached 55 percent, according to statistical significance. In some areas of the northwest AND southwest, which have been impressive heights, the common variance is 40 percent. This common variance in mountains area has been high values. Investigation of heat waves trend shows that 65.8% of IRAN significant positive trend AND 7.1% significant negative trend. Also, the cold waves trend has indicated a 48.5% significant positive trend AND a 10.8% significant negative trend. Climate change AND global warming have changed the frequency AND severity of temperature extremes. The present study, by examining the number of warm waves, concluded that the warm waves have increased in magnitude in 65.8% of the IRAN zone. Also, the study of the cold waves trend showed that 48.5 percent of IRAN had a positive trend, which means that the amount of temperature in the cold waves increased In other words, the severity of the cold has been reduced AND only 10.8 percent of IRAN had a negative cold wave trend AND it shows the intensity of these waves is reduced.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization AND writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript AND agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Analyzing administrative documents holds significant importance within the realms of archaeology AND sociology, akin to the study of other archaeological evidence. These examinations play a pivotal role in reconstructing various systems, encompassing management, social dynamics, economic structures, AND political frameworks. Delving into administrative management within prehistoric societies unveils the intricate social intricacies AND the supervision exercised by a designated leader or head over a subordinate group, representing an internal control mechanism. Notably, seals, impressions on seals, AND diverse accounting artifacts serve as pivotal administrative documents. However, the exploration AND investigation of such cultural data in northwestern IRAN remain relatively scarce. Therefore, the current study endeavors to present, evaluate, AND scrutinize the administrative records of Chalcolithic societies in northwestern IRAN, employing a descriptive-analytical approach. Numerous inquiries persist without resolution regarding the administrative records AND evidence pertaining to the later prehistory of northwest IRAN. Ambiguity surrounds the quantification of Chalcolithic administrative documents within this region. Furthermore, the methodology for analyzing AND evaluating the ownership AND managerial evidence from the later prehistoric era in this area remains unclear. Addressing these uncertainties can establish a definitive framework AND a solid foundation for investigating these matters in northwest IRAN. Leveraging administrative data obtained from various sites including Tepe Chay Khoy, Chakhmaqluq, Tepe Kulyeri (Tepe Caravanserai), Sohachay Tepe, AND others, the authors conduct an assessment of managerial evidence in the northwestern region of IRAN. Furthermore, utilizing extant cultural artifacts AND drawing upon the outcomes of prior studies facilitates an exploration into phenomena such as long-distance trade, economic endeavors, social intricacies, AND cultural exchanges with neighboring areas

According to classical texts, Dara stANDs out as a significant city from the early Parthian era, situated on the eastern fringes of the Parthian Empire. Classical sources have documented this region under various names such as Apavortene, Zapaortenon, Partauticena, AND Apauarcticena. Since the latter half of the nineteenth century, IRANologists have engaged in speculation about the location of Dara, drawing insights from descriptions provided by Justin AND Pliny, as well as references to its whereabouts in classical texts. This research endeavors to offer relative conjectures concerning the location of Dara AND Shahr-Tepe, a potential site representing it, through an evaluation of archaeological data alongside classical AND Islamic texts. To achieve the research objectives using a descriptive-analytical approach, the study employs the library research method AND incorporates archaeological data. In alignment with classical texts, the research suggests that the province of Apavortene is situated in Eastern IRAN, AND there exists a likelihood that the Islamic-period Abivard is a transformed manifestation of this Parthian-period province. Aditionally, a comparative examination of Dara in classical texts with present-day Shahr-Tepe in Dargaz reveals congruence, aligning with the descriptions provided by Justin AND Pliny. Shahr-Tepe, located on the opposite side of Hezar Masjed Mountains between Nisa AND Abivard, exhibits a singular historical period. Surrounded by Hezar Masjed Mountains, the region boasts an abundance of rivers AND springs, expansive meadows, AND remnants of forests within TANDooreh National Park AND Tivan region. These characteristics confirm the general depiction of Apavortene AND Dara found in classical sources. Collectively, these findings suggest that Shahr-Tepe, covering an area of approximately 70 hectares, could indeed represent the prominent city of the early Parthian period